Alkaloids Case Study Essay

Alkaloids are the most diverse group of secondary metabolites and over 5000 compounds are known. They are most commonly encountered in the plant kingdom, but representatives have been isolated from most other orders of organisms ranging from fungi to mammals. For years, there has been interest in their pharmacological activities, and for a long time selected plant products (containing alkaloids) have been used as poisons for hunting, murder, euthanasia, a euphoriants, psychedelics, and stimulants (e.g. morphine and cocaine) or as medicines (e.g. ephedrine). Many of our modern drugs now contain the same compound or synthetic analogues, and the pharmacological and toxicological properties of these compounds are thus of immense interest and importance. Almost two centuries have elapsed since Serturner isolated the first organic base clearly recognised as such, a crystalline substance that he obtained from the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, and called morphine. The name alkaloid is applied to the members of a class of natural products of basic nature, and is derived from the name â€Å"vegetable alkali† first applied to these substances. They all owe their basic nature to an amino nitrogen. It is more difficult than at first might be supposed to define the term alkaloid. The work was coined in 1818 by Meissner and implies a compound similar to an alkali, referring to the basic properties of this class of substance. Meyer’s Konversations- Lexikon of 1896 states, â€Å"Alkaloids (plant bases) occur characteristically in plants and are frequently distinguished by their remarkable physiological activity. They contain carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen and in most cases oxygen as well; in many cases they resemble the alkalisà ¢â‚¬ . Modern dictionary definitions only differ in minor details from those of the older nontechnical literature. A definition due to Pelletier in 1982 includes cyclic nitrogen- containing molecules which are true secondary metabolites (i.e. of limited occurrence and produced by living organisms. Simple acyclic derivatives of ammonia and simple amines are thus excluded, and the additional requirement, that the nitrogen atom must have a negative oxidation state, excludes nitro and nitroso compounds. As for other natural products, no uniform system of nomenclature has so far been devised for alkaloids. In most cases the name of the alkaloid has been derived from the plant name. Thus, papaverine was called after the Papaver species from which it was isolated. The names cocaine (from Erythoxylum coca) and atropine (from Atropa belladonna) are other examples. Frequently several alkaloids are obtained from the same plant, and the names devised for them will depend on the inspiration of the natural products chemist who isolated them. Alkaloids as a class have interested organic chemists partly on account of their physiological action on the animal organism, and partly on account of the complex structural and synthetical puzzles that they pose. The chemistry of the alkaloids is but a branch of the wide chemistry of nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, but the methods by which the structures of individual bases are deduced from degradative evidence and confirmed by total synthesis are typical of the methods applied for these purposes whole field the chemistry of natural products are illustrative of the general fundamental principles of organic chemistry. Structural types Alkaloids are usually classified according to the amino acids (or their derivatives) from which they arise. Thus, the most important classes are derived from the following Amino acids: * Ornithine and Lysine * Aromatic amino acid phenylalanine and tyrosine * Tryptophan and a moiety of mevalonoid origin Also a number of compounds are also derived from: * Anthranilic acid * Nicotinic acid This classification however, fails to include the alkaloids derived from a polyketide or a terpenoid, with the incorporation of a nitrogen atom, ultimately from ammonia. Examples are Conine and batrachotoxin which are often known as ‘pseudoalkaloids’. Other compounds covered by Pelletier’s definition also exist. Examples are the antibiotic cycloserine, mitomycin C, mushroom toxin muscimol and the purine alkaloids such as caffeine. There is another classification of the alkaloids according to the location of the nitrogen atom in certain structural features: 1. Heterocyclic alkaloids 2. Alkaloids with exocyclic nitrogen and aliphatic amines 3. Putrescine, spermidine and spermine alkaloids 4. Peptide alkaloids 5. Terpene and steroidal alkaloids Classifying the whole range of alkaloids according to this system result in them being dividing them up unequally as the great majority fall into the heterocyclis group and the smallest group is the putrescine, spermidine and spermine alkaloids. Occurrence Of the more than 5000 alkaloids known, most occur in flowering plants, although the distribution is far from uniform. Thus, although 40% of all plant families have at least one species containing alkaloids, when the 10000 plant genera are considered, only about 9% of these have been shown to produce alkaloids. Increasing numbers of alkaloids have been isolated from animals, insects, and microorganisms. Although mammalian alkaloids are rare, two examples are (-)-castoramine (a) from the Canadian beaver; and muscopyridine (b) from the musk deer. Both compound have a role in communication as territorial marker substances. Insects produce a variety of structural types which include the 2,6- dialkylpiperidines of the fire ant (c), the tricyclic N-oxides of the ladybird (d) and the quinazolines of the European milliped (e). Tese compounds are used for defence. During the last three decades Marine organisms have been investigated. Amongst the alkaloids are the exceedingly complex Saxitoxin (f) produced by a red coloured dinoflagellate. The ‘red tides’ contain mass aggregations of such organisms, and food poisoning when he toxic alkaloids are passed along the food chain to man. The Japanese puffer fish is highly valued as a culinary delicacy, but it is hazardous because its liver and ovaries contain the highly toxic tetrodotoxin. Fungi also produce alkaloids, and these too, present potential hazards as food contaminants. The ergot alkaloids, for example, Chanoclavine (g) produced by the fungus Claviceps purpurea, were a frequent soure of misery and death during the Middle Ages through the contamination of rye bread. Some of these were neurotoxic whilst others caused vasocontriction. During the last 40 years most of these non plant alkaloids have been isolated and their structures elucidated. The introduction of modern chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques facilitated this. Isolation Work on the constitution of alkaloids is often prefaced by the problem of their isolation from plant material or from residues after commercially important constituents have been removed. The isolation of each alkaloid is an individual problem there are a variety of procedures which may be entitled to generic rank. There are few plants which produce a single alkaloid so the main problem is the separation of mixtures. Many alkaloids are basic and occur as salts of 2-hydroxybutane-1, 4-dioic acid (malic acid), or of 1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxycyclohexane (quinic acid). They can thus be extracted into acid solution using aqueous hydrochloric, tartaric, or citric acids. Neutral alkaloids such as colchicines or piperine, which are in fact amides, remain in the organic phase, whilst most other alkaloids are isolated after basification and extraction into ethyl acetate. Steam distillation can be used also be used with low molecular weight alkaloids; but almost invariably sudsequent purification of the crude alkaloid mixtures is effected by chromatography using silica or alumina, and then recrystallisation of the partially purified compounds from solvent systems like aqueous ethanol, methanol/chloroform, or methanol/acetone. Structure elucidation Classical era: The classical era for structural studies on alkaloids was the 19th Century, though this could be extended to the 1930’s (advent of x-ray crystallography) or even to the 1970’s (advent of high resolution NMR facilities and modern methods of mass spectroscopy. Two case histories will be discussed, those of morphine and atropine. Opium has been used by man for thousands of years, so it is not suprising that the major active ingedient, morphine, was the first alkaloid to be isolated in pure state (by Serturner in 1805). It was not until 1923 that Sir Robert Robinson established the stucture of morphine. Chemical evidence for the structure is as follows: Standard showed that the nitrogen atom was fully substituted, and that the phenolic hydroxyl was present as it gave a positive FeCl3 test. Two hydoxyls were present as a diacetate and dibenzoate could be formed. Both compounds contained one olefinic double bond as codeine absorbed one. It was found that a reduced phenanthrene with a two-carbon bridge containing a tertiary nitrogen atom (with methyl as on substituent) was present, and the structure of morphine and codeine were first proposed in 1923 and 1925 respectively by Robinson and Gulland. Synthesis of morphine was carried out in 1956 by Gates. Atropine on the other hand, is not generally a natural product but arises through racemisation of (-)-hyoscyamine (see (a) below) and purification, and is thus ( )-hyoscyamine. (-)-hyoscyamine is the most common tropane alkaloid. In 1833 atropine was isolated from Atropa belladonna. Hydrolysis with warm barium hydroxide solution produced racemic tropic acid and tropine. Degradative studies and then through synthesis found the structure of tropic acid: Exhaustive degradation of tropine, carried out by Willstlter between 1985 and 1901, provided evidence for the bicyclic structure of tropine. The most widely used process in degradative studies of alaloids is exhaustive methylation, known as Hofmann degradeation. . This involves the pyrolysis of a quaternary ammonium hydroxide to form and olefin an a tertiary base: To ensure the complete removal of the nitrogen atom when it constitutes part of a ring, two degrdations must be carried out. When exhaustive methylation of of cyclic compounds might be expected to give 1,4-dienes, the alkaline conditions of the reaction may result in the migration of one of the double bonds to give a 1,3-diene. For example, the exhaustive methylation of N-methylpiperidine gives 1,3-pentadiene (piperylene) and not 1,4-pentadiene. The diene is then easily hydrogenated to form a saturated hydrocarbon. If Hofmann degradation fails to bring about ring fission of cyclic amines, Emde degradation, invoving catalytic reduction of a quaternary salt by sodium amalgam or sodium in liquid ammonia, may be applied. For example, attempted Hofmann degradation of N-methyltetrahydroquinoline methoxide results in regeneration of the parent base, while Emde reduction with sodium amalgam affords the ring-opened amine. Alkaloids containing diphenyl ether linkages, for example, bis-benzylisoquinoline, are cleaved into two fragments by reduction with sodium in liquid ammonia. For example, the structure of the alkaloid dauricine was established by reductive cleavage of O-methyl-dauricine. Modern era: During the last 30 years, structure elucidation has benn facilitated by the use of mass spectroscopy, and 1H and 13C NMR techniques. It is now possible to determine the structure in days with a few milligrams or less of pure compound. It took 118 years to determine the structure of morphine. The mass spectrum data for morphine is highly informative and is shown below and would have helped enormously years ago. Once the structure of an alkaloid is known, partial or total synthesis can be attempted. Biosynthesis It is possible to determine the amino acid from which an alkaloid is derived just by looking at the structure. Before availability of radio-isotopes 14C and tritium, and more recently the stable isotopes 13C and 15N it was only possible to speculate about the likely biosynthetic pathways. This was sometimes successful as for example, the suggested pathway to the isoquinoline alkaloid is as follows: It is possible to divide the biosynthesis of the alkaloids into two categories according to whether products are obtained from the amino acids ornithine and lysine, or the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan. Alkaloids derived from ornithine and lysine: Pyrrolidine alkaloids – hygrine, cocaine, tropinone, hyoscyamine etc Piperidine alkaoids – piperine, (-)-lobeline etc Quinolizidine alkaloids – sparteine, cytosine, (-)-lupinine etc Pyridine alkaloids – nicotine, anabasine, anatabine etc Alkaloids derived from phenylalanine and tyrosine: Monocyclic compounds – hordenine etc Tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids – morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine (narcotine), papaverine, heroin etc Alkaloids derived from tryptophan: Simple indole derivatives: psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine, physostigmine etc Complex indole derivatives : harmaline, echinulin, ergonovine etc No class of naturally occurring organic substances shows such an enormous range of structures as the alkaloids with over 5000 known. It would be impossible to discuss each one of these within the time limit. Therefore, this project is concerned with the following alkaloids: Morphine ( including codeine and heroin), Cocaine, Nicotine and Caffeine (including theophylline). These alkaloids are present in enormous quantities in the world and seem appropriate to be discussed due to the current interest in their effects particularly when used illegally. They are some of the most well known alkaloids. Morphine (Codeine and Heroin) When the unripe seed capsules of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, is cut or pricked, a viscous liquid is exuded. After the exudates dries and darkens with exposure to air, a hard but still partly sticky mass is obtained. This is opium, which has been used for many centuries by some for medicinal purposes. Opium is important as a painkilling drug in its own right, but is also the source of other analgesic drugs such as morphine and heroin. Mankind had discovered the use of opium by the time of the earliest written records. In fact, the first recorded use of opium as a painkiller was around 6000 years ago by the Sumerians, and the Babylonian and Egyptian writings contain many references to the value of opium preparations for the relief of pain. Thomas Sydenham, the 17th Century pioneer of English medicine wrote, â€Å"Among the remedies which it has pleased Almighty God to give to man to relieve its sufferings, none is so universal and so efficacious as opium†. Nowadays, alt hough opium is no longer regareded as a universal analgesic, it is still a very important source of morphine. The pharmacologically active constituents of opium have been employed in medicine for many thousand of years. During the 19th century these constituents were isolated as pure chemical entities. Morphine is a naturally occurring substance and is the major constituent of opium, constituting about 10% (sometimes up to 20%) of its weight. Morphine was first isolated in 1805 by Friedrich Sertrner. However, its basic structure was not correctly determined until 120 years later. Morphine provides symptomatic relief of moderately severe to severe pain. Morphine acts as an anesthetic without decreasing consciousness, and it is one of the most powerful analgesics known. However, it also suppresses the repiratory system, and high doses can cause death by respiratory failure. Its analgesic properties are related to the ability of the molecule to fit into and block a specific sit on a nerve cell. This eliminates the action of the pain receptor Cocaine Cocaine is obtained from coca leaves (Erythryloxum coca) and has the formula C17H23O4N and a molecular weight of 303.39. The anaesthetic properties of cocaine were first recognised by Koller in 1882, but it has now been largely replaced in the clinic by synthetic analogues due to its widespread abuse as a narcotic. It is, however, still much used as a stimulant by Andean Indians. After chewing the leaves, they are easily fatigued and can go on for long periods without food. Cocaine is shipped and sold in the form of the water-soluble hydrochloride salt, which may be ingested through the nasal passages by ‘snorting’ orally and intravenously. There are severe physical and psychological side effects of the drug, such as brain seizures, respiratory collapse, heart attack, paranoia, and depression. Cocaine may be hydrolysed by acids or alkalis to methyl alcohol, benzoic acid, and (-)-ecgonine, C9H15O3 N; only partial hydrolysis, to benzoyl- (-)-ecgonine, C16 H19O4 N, and methyl alcohol when the alkaloid is boiled with water. Cocaine can be regarded as being derived from ornithine. Willsttter worked on a tortuous synthesis (of about 20 steps) of tropinone between 1900 and 1903, but in 1917 Robinson reported his ‘one-pot’ synthesis and also provided what was probably the first example of a formal retrosynthetic analysis. He stated: ‘By imaginary hydrolysis at the points indicated by the dotted lines, the substance may be resolved into succinaldehyde, methylamine and acetone’. The yield of this reaction was poor but Schpf and Lehmann reported optimised conditions (buffered solution at pH5 and 25C) which allowed 85% yield. A variety of mechanisms are possible and the one shown below envisages a reaction between the enol form of acetone dicarboxylate and the condensation product from succinaldehyde and methylamine. Willsttter made his own contributions based on this type of chemistry, and completed simple synthesis of tropinone in 1921 and a synthesis of cocaine in 1923. The synthesis of cocaine is as follows: A Robinson- type reaction yielded the expected azabicyclo structure but with a fortuitous axial stereochemistry for the carbomethoxyl group. Racemic cocaine was formed after separation of the diastereoisomeric products on the reduction of the ketone and benzoylation of the mixture of alcohols. An important aspect of Robinson’s route is that it represented the first biomimetic synthesis of an alkaloid. He provided inspiration for others to consider possible biosynthetic pathways, before planning their synthetic routes to alkaloids. Nicotine Nicotine, present in dried tobacco leaves of the plant nicotiana tabacum in 2-8% concentration, is the active ingredient in cigarettes and other tobacco products. The reason tobacco is used by so many people is because it contains this powerful drug nicotine. When tobacco is smoked, nicotine is absorbed by the lungs and quickly moves into the bloodstream, where it is circulated throughout the brain. All of this happens very rapidly. In fact, nicotine reaches the brain within 8 seconds after someone inhales tobacco smoke. Nicotine can also enter the blood stream through the mucous membranes that line the mouth or nose, or even through the skin. Smoking and chewing tobacco have been connected to heart and lung disease and cancer, mainly a result of the presence of carcinogens, carbon monoxide and other toxins. Nicotine affects the entire body. Nicotine acts directly on the heart to change heart rate and blood pressure. It also acts on the nerves that control respiration to change breathing patterns. In high concentration, nicotine is deadly. In fact, one drop of purified nicotine on the tongue will kill a person. It’s so lethal that it has been used as a pesticide for centuries. So why do people smoke? The mode of action of nicotine is complex. Ingestion of the molecule may stimulate or calm the user and it may affect his or her mood, appetite, and cognition. There appears to be little doubt that nicotine is an addictive drug, and the debate about how to regulate its availability is ongoing. Nicotine is part of the pyridine alkaloids and is the chief alkaloid of tobacco. It can therefore be classed as a tobacco alkaloid. Nicotine has the empirical formula C10 H14 N2, a molecular weight of 162.26 and was first observed by Vanquelin in 1809 and isolated 19 years later by Posselt and Reimann. Its structure is as follows: It is a colourless liquid with a boiling point of 246.1-246.2C and is miscible in all proportions with water below 60 and above 210. It is less soluble between these temperatures. When oxidised with chromic acid it yields an amino acid, C6H5O2N, which may be decarboxylated to pyridine–carboxylic acid. Nicotine is therefore a 3-substituted pyridine and that the substituent is a saturated group containing five carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom. The alkaloid forms a crystalline addition compound with zinc chloride, and when this is heated with lime pyridine, pyrrole and methylamine are obtained, suggesting that the structure be as above (1). This was supported by the degradation of the alkaloid to N-methylproline (1) to (5) (below), the oxidation of dibromocotinine (6) to nicotinc acid, malonic acid and methylamine (6) to (7). Also, by the reductive hydrolysis of bromocotinine to methylamine and the dihydroxy-acid (8). The structure of nicotine was finally confirmed by synthesis. Three syntheses of nicotine have been recorded. The first was based on the discovery that N-acetylpyrrole is transformed by heat to C-acetylpyrrole shown to be ?-acetylpyrrole. Pictet and Crepieux applied this reaction to N- pyridylpyrrole (3) (below) obtained by the reaction of -aminopyridine1 with mucic acid (2). The compound 31- pyridyl-2-pyrrole (4) was formed. An attempt to methylate the pyrrole nitrogen by heating the potassium derivative with yielded (5) (methiodide of 31- pyridyl-N-methyl-2-pyrrole). Distillation of this with calcium oxide gave nicotyrine (6). Selective hydrogenation of the pyrrole nucleus with a palladium-carbon catalyst converted nicotyrine (6) to nicotine with about a 25% yield. PICTET’S SYNTHESIS: Pictet’s classical synthesis involves two steps at high temperatures, one of which is a rearrangement. It cannot therefore be regarded as unambiguous. However, a second synthesis by Spth and Bretschneider involves no rearrangement at high temperature and are thus structurally specific. SPATH’S SYNTHESIS: (1) (Above) was converted into (2) via electrolytic reduction, which on treatment with potassium and methyl sulphate gave (3) (N-methylpyrrolidone). Ethyl nicotinate was then condensed with (3) in the presence of sodium ethanoate and the resulting -pyridyl-1- -(N1 – methyl-?1- pyrrolidonyl) – ketone (4) was hydrolysed with fuming hydrochloric acid at 130. The derived amino ketone (5) was reduced with zinc and sodium hydroxide to the corresponding alcohol (6), which was converted to nicotine on treatment with hydrogen iodide and potassium hydroxide. A third synthesis of nicotine by Craig was also carried out: CRAIG’S SYNTHESIS: Nicotinonitrile (1) (above) was reacted with ?- ethoxypropylmagnesium bromide. The product of the reaction (2) (3-pyridyl-?-ethoxypropylketone) formed an oxime (3), which was reduced to an amino derivative (4). On heating to 150-155 with 48% hydrobromic acid this was converted to nornicotine (5), which in turn was methylated to nicotine. The pyridine ring in nicotine is derived from nicotine acid, which itself is derived from aspartic acid and glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate: The remaining steps en route to nicotine are shown below: Caffeine The purine system occurs widely in nature. Two purines, adenine and guanine, are constituents of the nucleic acids; adenine is a component of coenzymes I and II, of flavin adenine dinucleotide and of adenosine with 3 distinguished compounds: caffeine, theophylline and theobromine. They are physiologically active constituents of coffee, cocoa, and tea. The compounds have different biochemical effects, and are present in different ratios in different plant sources. These compounds are very similar and differ only by the presence of methyl groups in two positions of chemical structure as shown below: They are easily oxidised to uric acid and other methyluric acids, which are also similar in chemical stucture. CAFFEINE – 1,3,7- trimethylxanthine SOURCES – Coffee, tea, cola nuts, mate, guarana EFFECTS – Stimulant of the central nervous system, cardiac muscle and respiratory system, diuretic, delays fatigue. THEOPHYLLINE – 1,3 – dimethylxanthine SOURCES – Tea EFFECTS – Cardiac stimulant, smooth muscle relaxant, diuretic, vasodilator. THEOBROMINE – 3,7- dimethylxanthine SOURCES – Principle alkaloid of the cocoa bean (1.5-3%), cola nuts and tea. EFFECTS – Diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, cardiac stimulant, vasodilator. Theophylline has a stronger effect on heart and breathing than caffeine. For this reason it is the drug of choice in home remedies for treating asthma, bronchitis and emphysema. Theophylline found in medicine is made from extracts from coffee or tea. Theobromine is weaker than caffeine and theophylline – has one tenth of the stimulating effect. When isolated in pure form, caffeine is a white crystalline powder that tastes very bitter. Recreationally, it is used to provide a ‘boost in energy’ or a feeling of heightened alterness. It’s often used to stay awake longer. Caffeine inhibits the action of an enzyme, phosphodiesterase, whose job it is to inactive a molecule called cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Cyclic -AMP is involved in the formation of glucose in the bloodstream. Deactivation of phosphodiesterase by caffeine frees cyclic – AMP to do its job, more glucose appears, and we feel more energetic. Caffeine is an addictive drug. Among its many actions it operates using the same mechanisms that amphetamines, cocaine and heroin use to stimulate the brain. Caffeine’s effects are milder but it is manipulating the same channels and that it is one of the things that give caffeine its addictive qualities. It is one of the most widely used drugs. More than 90% of the population Britain consume it everyday and its long-term effects are of current interest. Purines are usually synthesised by Traube’s method in which a 4, 5 – diaminopyrimidine is treated with formic acid or, better, sodium dithioformate.4, 5- diaminopyrimidines are themselves obtained from 4- aminopyrimidines by nitrosation followed by reduction or via diazonium coupling of activated methylene compounds followed by cyclisation and reduction. Two examples are as follows: Uric acid (an 8-Hydroxypurine) are made using ethyl chloroformate in place of formic acid: Uric acid is then the starting material for other purines: Summary The term alkaloid refers to any Nitrogen containing compound extracted from plants, although the word is used loosely and some compounds of non-plant origin are also commonly known as alkaloids. The name is derived from their characteristic basic properties (alkali-like), which are induced by the lone-pair of electrons on nitrogen. The basic nature of the alkaloids, in conjunction with their particular three-dimensional architecture, gives rise to often-potent physiological activities, e.g. the narcotics morphine and heroin. The laboratory synthesis of an alkaloid can be a challenging problem. The goal nowadays is not only to synthesise the natural product, but also to do so from simple molecules by a short elegant pathway. Such syntheses have practical importance because many alkaloids are desirable drugs. Large amounts of these alkaloids are often difficult to obtain from natural sources. A simple synthesis can provide an alternative supply of such a drug. The 19th century was the heyday for structural studies on the alkaloids and the 20th century was notable for the large number of elegant syntheses that have been accomplished. Virtually all of the major alkaloids have now been synthesised.

A Poetic Take on the Baseball Sport

All Teachers are Reflective Teachers

While there is agreement among education researchers that reflective teachers are effective teachers, there very little evidence in recent research to recommend just how much reflection teachers need to do. There is also very little evidence in past research that outlines just how a teacher should reflect on his or her practice. Yet there is undisputed evidence that suggests that teaching without reflection can lead to bad practice, imitation in instruction  Lortie (1975). So how important is the use of reflection  to a teachers practice? The research suggests that the amount of reflection or how that reflection is recorded is not nearly as important as when the teacher has had the opportunity to reflect on his or her teaching. Teachers who wait to reflect may not be as accurate in their reflections about what happens during the swampy lowlands of practice. In other words, if a teachers reflection is distanced by time, that reflection may revise the past to fit a present belief.    In an article titled Teacher Reflection In a Hall of Mirrors: Historical Influences and Political Reverberations (2003), the researcher Lynn Fendler makes the case that teachers are already reflective by nature as they continuously make adjustments in instruction.   ...the laborious attempts to  facilitate  reï ¬â€šective practices for teachers ï ¬â€šy in the face of the  truism expressed  in the epigraph of this article, namely, that there is  no such  thing as an unreï ¬â€šective teacher. Teachers spend so much time preparing for and delivering lessons, that it is easy to see why they often do not spend their valuable time to record their reflections on lessons in journals unless required. Instead, most teachers reflect-in-action, a term suggested by researcher Donald  Schon   (1987). This kind of reflection-in-action  is the kind of reflection that occurs  in  the classroom in order to produce a necessary change at that moment. This form of reflection-in-action is slightly different than reflection-on-action. In reflection-on-action,   the teacher considers past actions relative soon after instruction in order to be ready for an adjustment in a similar situation.   So, while reflection cannot be packaged as prescribed practice, there is a general understanding that teacher reflection-in-action or on-action results in effective teaching.   Methods of Teacher Reflection Despite the lack of concrete evidence supporting  reflection as an effective  practice and the lack of available time, a teachers reflection is required by many school districts as part of the  teacher evaluation  program. There are many different ways that teachers can include reflection as part of their own path towards professional development and to satisfy evaluation programs. A daily reflection is when teachers take a few moments at the end of the day to debrief on the days events. Typically, this should not take more than a few moments. When reflection is done over a period of time, the information can be illuminating. Some teachers keep a daily journal while others simply jot down notes about issues that they had in class. Consider asking, What worked in this lesson? How do I know it worked? At the end of a teaching unit, once assessments have all been graded, a teacher may want to take some time to reflect on the unit as a whole. Answering questions can help guide teachers as they decide what they want to keep and what they want to change the next time they teach the same unit. For example, Overall which lessons worked and which didnt?With which skills did students struggle the most? Why?Which learning objectives seemed the easiest for students? What made those work better?Were the end results of the unit what I had expected and hoped for? Why or why not? At the end of a semester  or school year, a teacher may look back over the students grades in order to try and make an overall judgment about the practices and strategies that are positive as well as areas that need improvement. What To Do With Reflections Reflecting on what went right and wrong with lessons and classroom situations is one thing. However, figuring out what to do with that information is quite another. Time spent in reflection can help ensure that this information can be used to produce real change for growth to occur.   There are several ways teachers can use the information they learned about themselves through reflection: Teachers can reflect on their successes and find reasons to celebrate. They may use their reflections to recommend the actions that lead to success for students in next years lessons.Teachers can individually or collectively reflect on areas that need improvement and look for areas where lessons did not have the desired academic impact.Teachers can reflect on any housekeeping issues that arose or areas where classroom management needed some work.   Reflection is an ongoing process and someday, the evidence may provide more specific guidelines for teachers. Reflection as a practice in education is evolving, and so are teachers.

Domestic Violence in The State of Texas Essay - 1033 Words

Domestic violence seems to be a never-ending problem from state to state with every state having its fair share of domestic violence. The Texas Council on Family Violence was formed to serve three focal points when dealing with domestic violence in the State of Texas implementing prevention programs that are focused in ending the root cause of domestic violence, providing victim services of domestic violence and promoting support to victims and the violent offenders to help them deal with their issues in domestic violence. The Texas Council on Family Violence (TCFV) channels their focus on ensuring that any type of family violence is handled properly and that services needed by both victim and aggressor are provided to prevent†¦show more content†¦These four pieces of legislation will increase awareness of domestic violence wrongdoers, require mandatory jail time and increase offense levels for recurrences by wrongdoers. We need to send a strong message that this behavior will not be tolerated and repeat offenses will be met with even harsher penalties. Domestic abusers must understand that they cannot threaten, intimidate, and harm those around them - and if they do they better be prepared for Texas-sized consequences. said Rep. Villalba. Representative Villalba wrote and filed a house bill 2541, this bill that would make the 3rd conviction of assault with bodily injury, involving domestic violence, a second-degree felony offense. Under current Texas state law, a first offense for domestic violence and family violence is a Class A misdemeanor, with the second offense is a third degree felony, and with a third offense becoming a third degree felony. 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In Texas 77% of all Hispanic have either themselves or know someone who has experienced some form of domestic violence and 64% of allRead MoreStatistics And Comparing Crime Rates College Data981 Words   |  4 Pagesdata. I will be comparing University of Texas at Arlington and Texas Southern University. In Conclusion of my research UTA had the highest crime rates in alcohol arrest, domestic violence, stalking, motor vehicle theft, sexual assaults, but TSU had more burglaries. I think this is the case that UTA crime rates or high because it is a diverse University and some of the crimes that are committed some cultures can get away with in in their country but not in Texas or the U.S. Self- Reports: â€Å"Self-reportRead MoreMediation And High Conflict Mediation1425 Words   |  6 Pagesmaintain those boundaries in an attempt to protect the parties mediating and including the couple’s possible children. Within that umbrella term is that of domestic violence. 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In today’s society there are a number of things thatRead MoreThe United State Is Run By The Government Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesThe United State is run by the government. Every single states have the representatives of civil in the Congress. Texas is not an exception. We have one representative in the House of the Representative who is Gene Green. We also have two Senators in the Senate who are John Cornyn and Ted Cruz. In this essay, we will discuss and assess of these individual’s representation. First, Gene Green, who is a member of the Democratic Party, is currently serving to represent for Texas’s 29th congressionalRead MoreAn Informational Interview: Sarah Buel1041 Words   |  4 Pagesof work involving domestic violence, though I am still uncertain of the nature of that work. As a result, I decide to interview Sarah Buel. Sarah Buel is a noted attorney in the field of domestic violence. Currently a Clinical Professor and Founding Director of the Diane Halle Center for Family Justice at the Sandra Day OConnor College of Law at Arizona State University, Buel was one of the names that came up most frequently as I was looking into the field of domestic violence (Sandra Day OConnorRead MoreBatter Women Syndrome- Domestic Violence Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pagessociety today is in relation to women who suffer from domestic violence/ battering. Batter Women Syndrome (BWS) has recently been reformed in the United States as the Batter Person Syndrome (BPS) to include men as potential victims of domestic violence/ batter. The term batter person syndrome has been recognized as a social issue and legal changes have taken place in the United States in order to protect individuals affected by domestic violence/ battering. My overall goal for this essay is to remindRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Human Trafficking1278 Words   |  6 PagesProspectus on Human Trafficking in the United States For my research paper, I will be explaining the issue of human trafficking in the United States and propose a course of action we can take to help combat the growth of this problem. Article 3, paragraph (a) of the United Nation s Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons essentially defines trafficking as the harboring or transportation of a person through any means, including force, threats, fraud, and coercion (42). Read MoreAn Definition Of Domestic Violence Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesThe definition of domestic violence, or intimate partner violence, is a multiple or single incidence of abusive behavior that uses oppression, threats, isolation, and fear that often results in psychological and/or emotional trauma. Intimate partner violence is not a specific gender issue; a common assumption is that victims of abusive relationships are only women, which is a false belief. According to the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, 1 in 4 men have expe rience some type of psychologicalRead MoreDrug Testing for TANF Recipients1020 Words   |  4 PagesDrug Testing for TANF Recipients Drug problems costs the US billions of dollars every year from disease, crime, accidents, child abuse, domestic violence, homelessness, and lost wages that causes deaths and other serious economic and social consequences (Hunter). The crimes include stealing, drug trafficking, murder, robbery, domestic violence, breaking and entering, child abuse and neglect, and assault. Health care problems, such as overdoses, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and tuberculosis, are often results

Nepali Music Free Essays

Nepal Music The rhythm, beats, bounce of Nepali traditional folk and classical music is spiritual enough to sooth you and entertaining enough to cheer you. Music is associated with every event in Nepal, then be it birth, marriage,festivals or National events. Various songs, musical instruments and dances are connected with various religious, social and cultural life of the Nepalese. We will write a custom essay sample on Nepali Music or any similar topic only for you Order Now Music is the heartbeat of Nepal. Music is associated to every event of life, then be it festivals, feasts, marriage, birth ceremonies or funeral processions. The main genres of Nepali music are pop, rock, folk, and classical. There are a number of other genres that are yet to be cataloged. Fast Facts Traditional Nepali Music| Imported Music| Newari Music| Indian MusicBhajanFilmi music| Khas Music| Western MusicRock RollRockMetalLatinoPunkHip-HopRap| Gurung Music| | Kirant Music| | Tamang Music| | Magar Music| | Sherpa Music| | Maithili Music| | Bhojpuri Music| | Popular Indigenous Nepalese Music The following music genres have their roots in Nepal and are therefore considered to be indigenous. This includes:- Newari Music The Newars are well-known for their Newari music. It mainly consists of percussion instruments, some wind instruments and no string instruments. All the castes have their musical tunes and bands. Music is cherished by people of all walks of life. There are tunes of certain festivals and seasons and even of certain times of day. The God of artists called Nasadya is found in all the Newar localities. The presence of a Newari musical band in a guthi is considered as a sign of opulence. Khas Music Khas music belongs to the Khas society where castes like Damai used to play a number of instruments on occasions such as marriages, birth and other feasts. This tradition is now on decline owing to the growing popularity of television, radio and other means of mass communication. The minstrels used to play instruments like Sarangi but even the Gaine are declining in number. Latin music history Latin music  is the result of a complex social and historical process that took place in the Americas after the arrival of Columbus. Despite the traumatic experience, Latin music is one of the positive outcomes that came from that process. The following is a brief introduction to Latin music history that takes a look at the cultural mix and social environment that ended up producing one of the best music genres in the entire world. Indigenous Music Generally speaking, Latin music history starts with the cultural encounter that occurred after the arrival of Columbus. However, it is important to remember that the indigenous people of the New World had their own music. For instance, the Maya culture gave great attention to music producing all kinds of percussion and wind instruments. Wind instruments were very popular among Pre-Columbian cultures. All kinds of flutes were made all over the American continent and fortunately, this original expression has persisted to date intraditional Latin music  like South America’s Andean music. The Arrival of Europeans to The New World Language was the first contribution that the Spanish and Portuguese powers brought to the New World. Latin music is, in fact, defined to a large extend by the Spanish and Portuguese languages. While Portuguese came to define the music from  Brazil, Spanish language defined the rest of Latin America. The second contribution that Europeans brought to the new land was their music. In fact, when the Spanish conquerors arrived to the American continent their homeland had rich musical expressions that included traditions from both the European and the Arab worlds. Along with their music, Europeans also brought their instruments. Originally, these instruments were intended to recreate the music that was played in Europe. However, they soon became the ideal tools to express the feelings of the new inhabitants that were defining the roots of Latin America. The African Influence The African slaves that arrived to the New World brought with them all the traditions and beats from their continent. The African influence in Latin music is so big that this could be the single most important element in Latin music history. That influence, of course, does not touch all the rhythms and styles that belong to Latin music. However, if we just take a look at the music that has come from Brazil and the Caribbean, then we know how significant this influence is. Samba,  Salsa,  Merengue,  Bachata,  Timba, and many more, are just some of the rhythms that have been shaped by African beats. The full picture about this influence includes also African-American music. In particular, the development of Jazz had a tremendous impact in the making of Latin music rhythms such as Mambo,Bossa Nova, and Latin Jazz. More recently, African-American styles like R;B and Hip-Hop have defined the development of  Latin music genres  such asReggaeton  and Urban music. A Social Phenomenon The encounter of the three cultures mentioned before created the dynamic social environment that has shaped Latin music since the colonial times. This environment has been nurtured by foreign sounds, regional traditions, class divisions, and even national identities. Latin Pop  and  Rock en Espanol  have been shaped by the foreign sounds of Rock, Alternative and Pop music. Regional traditions like the cowboy way of life in the plains of  Colombia  and Venezuela have produced  Llanera  music. Social conditions, especially those created by immigration and class divisions, are behind the development of  Tango  in Argentina. Traditional Mexican music  was largely defined by a feeling of national identity that was incorporated into Mariachi music after the Mexican Revolution. Considering all this, a serious study of Latin music history is definitely an overwhelming task. However, there is no other way to deal with it. Latin music is a complex phenomenon that reflects the complex history of Latin America, a mixed region whose social environment has forged some of the most beautiful sounds in the world. How to cite Nepali Music, Essay examples

The Power of Love Truth, Nature or Society Essay Example For Students

The Power of Love: Truth, Nature or Society Essay Sonnet 67 by Edmund Spencer and Sonnet 130 by William Shakespeare are two very different poems which converge at a point of portrayal of the woman having the power over the man in a romantic relationship. These poems have different approaches in conveying this message to the reader. At times the power can be expressed subtly as seen in Sonnet 67 or very boldly as seen in Sonnet 130. According to Freudian thought there is also a pre-consciousness in Sonnet 67 and unconsciousness in Sonnet 130. These beliefs attribute to the fact that the woman has received her power by Nature and by Society. Nature gives them this power because women are the gateway to existence. And although many might disagree with this fact, Society gives women power as well by idealizing women and setting the rule in stone that man has to love a woman. Contrary to popular belief Society and Nature merge together to form a truth of the womans power. In these poems the power of women is not an absolute truth, for if it were to be an absolute truth the man would have to directly acknowledge the fact that the women are in control. We will write a custom essay on The Power of Love: Truth, Nature or Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Instead the authors of the poems indirectly hint to the fact that the woman has the power. These poems also convey the image that the beauty of women is not external, but it is based on their power to get to a mans heart that makes them beautiful. The subtleness of Edmund Spensers Sonnet 67 is best seen in the quatrain Strange thing me seemed to see a beast so wild, / So goodly won with her own will beguiled (13-14). Upon reading this line ones first thought would be that the hunter has actually overpowered the deer. Upon analyzing this verse the reader realizes the naivety of the hunter, for he never actually realized the fact hat he is powerless to the hunting of the deer. The deer is overpowering the hunter Like as a huntsman after weary chase (1). In the moment where the hunter least suspects it the deer strikes with a deadly blow to the hunters ego. While the hunter takes a break, the deer appears to only provoke the hunter more by quenching her thirst at the brook while beholding me (the hunter) with milder look (9). What the hunter does not understand is the power that the deer actually has. At the moment when the deer is no longer hunted she allows the man to believe that he has so goodly won this beast so wild (13-14). The boldness of William Shakespeares Sonnet 130 is best seen in the verse And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare / As any she belied with false compare (13-14). The author is powerless over his emotions to his mistress. And although his mistress eyes are nothing like the sun (1), he loves her. His logic appears to be completely irrational. Throughout the poem he mentions all the flaws attributed to his mistress, and how he has more enjoyment from other objects, And in some perfumes is there more delight / than in the breath that from my mistress reeks (7-8). His heart seems to be in a trance for her love, because despite all he flaws he still loves her. The pre-consciousness of Sonnet 67 as Freud would interpret is most clearly seen in the naturalistic aspect of the poem. The following verse demonstrates the power women are given by nature There she beholding me with milder look, / Sought not to fly, but fearless still did bide (9-10). .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e , .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e .postImageUrl , .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e , .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e:hover , .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e:visited , .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e:active { border:0!important; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e:active , .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry and Rhyme Scheme EssayThe unconsciousness of Sonnet 130 is seen throughout the poem. The character in the poem is under the unconscious thought process that he has to love a woman which has been instilled in his values by society. Although his reasons for love are admirable, the common man would not justify his love by all the images that she falls short of, like I love to hear her speak, yet well I know / That music hath a far more pleasing sound (9-10). Nonetheless the synthesis of Nature and Society come together in such a way that demonstrates the power a woman has over man. All through Sonnet 67 and Sonnet 130 The characters never directly acknowledge the fact that the woman is in control. There is no absolute truth in these poems. Rather as seen in Sonnet 67, So after long pursuit and vain assay, / When I all weary had the chase forsook, / The gentle dear returned the self-same way. (5-7) and as seen in Sonnet 130 I grant I never saw a goddess go, / My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground: / And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare / As any she belied with false compare (11-14) does the reader realize the fact that in actuality the woman is in control. The character in Sonnet 130 had no reason to love his mistress, and it is very appropriate that her external features gave him no pleasure because this makes a bold statement that love is not based on beauty. His love towards her was true And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare / As any she belied with false compare (13-14). All of her shortcomings are false to determine the real beauty contained within her. In Sonnet 67 there is no reference made to beauty. Based on this absence of any reference to beauty the reader can deduct that beauty has no significance to real love. In Sonnet 67 and Sonnet 130 the authors portray the woman as having the power in a romantic relationship. Although each accomplishes this in very different approaches, each poem gets its point across. The Freudian aspect contributes to the fact that the woman has received her power by nature and by society. Although the power of a woman is this poem is not an absolute truth, Spenser and Shakespeare both acknowledge in their own way the fact that the woman is in control. These poems also convey the image that the beauty of a woman is internal.

The Power of Love Truth, Nature or Society Essay Example For Students

The Power of Love: Truth, Nature or Society Essay Sonnet 67 by Edmund Spencer and Sonnet 130 by William Shakespeare are two very different poems which converge at a point of portrayal of the woman having the power over the man in a romantic relationship. These poems have different approaches in conveying this message to the reader. At times the power can be expressed subtly as seen in Sonnet 67 or very boldly as seen in Sonnet 130. According to Freudian thought there is also a pre-consciousness in Sonnet 67 and unconsciousness in Sonnet 130. These beliefs attribute to the fact that the woman has received her power by Nature and by Society. Nature gives them this power because women are the gateway to existence. And although many might disagree with this fact, Society gives women power as well by idealizing women and setting the rule in stone that man has to love a woman. Contrary to popular belief Society and Nature merge together to form a truth of the womans power. In these poems the power of women is not an absolute truth, for if it were to be an absolute truth the man would have to directly acknowledge the fact that the women are in control. We will write a custom essay on The Power of Love: Truth, Nature or Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Instead the authors of the poems indirectly hint to the fact that the woman has the power. These poems also convey the image that the beauty of women is not external, but it is based on their power to get to a mans heart that makes them beautiful. The subtleness of Edmund Spensers Sonnet 67 is best seen in the quatrain Strange thing me seemed to see a beast so wild, / So goodly won with her own will beguiled (13-14). Upon reading this line ones first thought would be that the hunter has actually overpowered the deer. Upon analyzing this verse the reader realizes the naivety of the hunter, for he never actually realized the fact hat he is powerless to the hunting of the deer. The deer is overpowering the hunter Like as a huntsman after weary chase (1). In the moment where the hunter least suspects it the deer strikes with a deadly blow to the hunters ego. While the hunter takes a break, the deer appears to only provoke the hunter more by quenching her thirst at the brook while beholding me (the hunter) with milder look (9). What the hunter does not understand is the power that the deer actually has. At the moment when the deer is no longer hunted she allows the man to believe that he has so goodly won this beast so wild (13-14). The boldness of William Shakespeares Sonnet 130 is best seen in the verse And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare / As any she belied with false compare (13-14). The author is powerless over his emotions to his mistress. And although his mistress eyes are nothing like the sun (1), he loves her. His logic appears to be completely irrational. Throughout the poem he mentions all the flaws attributed to his mistress, and how he has more enjoyment from other objects, And in some perfumes is there more delight / than in the breath that from my mistress reeks (7-8). His heart seems to be in a trance for her love, because despite all he flaws he still loves her. The pre-consciousness of Sonnet 67 as Freud would interpret is most clearly seen in the naturalistic aspect of the poem. The following verse demonstrates the power women are given by nature There she beholding me with milder look, / Sought not to fly, but fearless still did bide (9-10). .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e , .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e .postImageUrl , .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e , .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e:hover , .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e:visited , .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e:active { border:0!important; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e:active , .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u456668988a415f588eb84552ff02c46e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry and Rhyme Scheme EssayThe unconsciousness of Sonnet 130 is seen throughout the poem. The character in the poem is under the unconscious thought process that he has to love a woman which has been instilled in his values by society. Although his reasons for love are admirable, the common man would not justify his love by all the images that she falls short of, like I love to hear her speak, yet well I know / That music hath a far more pleasing sound (9-10). Nonetheless the synthesis of Nature and Society come together in such a way that demonstrates the power a woman has over man. All through Sonnet 67 and Sonnet 130 The characters never directly acknowledge the fact that the woman is in control. There is no absolute truth in these poems. Rather as seen in Sonnet 67, So after long pursuit and vain assay, / When I all weary had the chase forsook, / The gentle dear returned the self-same way. (5-7) and as seen in Sonnet 130 I grant I never saw a goddess go, / My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground: / And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare / As any she belied with false compare (11-14) does the reader realize the fact that in actuality the woman is in control. The character in Sonnet 130 had no reason to love his mistress, and it is very appropriate that her external features gave him no pleasure because this makes a bold statement that love is not based on beauty. His love towards her was true And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare / As any she belied with false compare (13-14). All of her shortcomings are false to determine the real beauty contained within her. In Sonnet 67 there is no reference made to beauty. Based on this absence of any reference to beauty the reader can deduct that beauty has no significance to real love. In Sonnet 67 and Sonnet 130 the authors portray the woman as having the power in a romantic relationship. Although each accomplishes this in very different approaches, each poem gets its point across. The Freudian aspect contributes to the fact that the woman has received her power by nature and by society. Although the power of a woman is this poem is not an absolute truth, Spenser and Shakespeare both acknowledge in their own way the fact that the woman is in control. These poems also convey the image that the beauty of a woman is internal.